Cat Mythology

1st November 2023

Cats, including domestic cats, have been a part of mythology and folklore in various cultures throughout history. Here are some examples of how cats are portrayed in mythology:

Ancient Egypt

In ancient Egyptian mythology, cats held a position of great reverence and were associated with various deities, symbols, and aspects of daily life. The Egyptians considered cats to be sacred animals, and their elevated status was reflected in the religious, cultural, and social aspects of ancient Egyptian society.

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• Goddess Bastet: One of the most prominent deities associated with cats in ancient Egypt was the goddess Bastet. She was originally depicted as a lioness warrior goddess but later transformed into a domestic cat goddess. Bastet was revered as the protector of home and family, and she symbolized fertility, love, and joy. Many Egyptians believed that having a cat in the home would invoke the blessings and protection of Bastet.
• Symbol of Protection: Cats were seen as symbols of protection, and their presence was believed to safeguard households from evil spirits and misfortune. Killing a cat, even accidentally, was considered a serious crime, and penalties for such actions were severe. The protection offered by cats was not only physical but also extended to spiritual realms, making them highly valued companions.
• Associations with the Sun God Ra: Cats were also linked to the powerful sun god Ra. The sun god was often depicted as a lion, and as cats share certain characteristics with lions, they became symbolic representations of Ra. The grace, agility, and nocturnal behavior of cats were thought to reflect the divine attributes of the sun god.
• Role in Egyptian Homes: Cats were widely kept as pets in Egyptian households. Beyond their religious significance, cats served a practical purpose by controlling the population of rats and mice, which threatened food supplies. The Egyptians appreciated the cats' hunting abilities and recognized their contribution to maintaining a healthy and hygienic living environment.
• Mummification and Burial Rituals: Cats were sometimes mummified and buried with their owners, especially in the case of elite individuals. The idea was that the cat's spirit would accompany its owner to the afterlife, and the bond between the owner and the cat would endure beyond death. Archaeological discoveries have revealed numerous cat cemeteries in Egypt, attesting to the importance of cats in the religious and funerary practices of the time.

Norse Mythology

Contrary to the ancient Egyptian reverence for cats, Norse mythology, rooted in the beliefs of the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe, doesn't explicitly highlight a special status for cats, however the goddess Freyja, associated with love, beauty, and fertility, had a chariot that was pulled by two large cats. Cats were considered sacred to Freyja, and they were believed to bring good luck.

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• Goddess of Love and Fertility: Freyja, one of the principal deities in Norse mythology, was associated with love, fertility, beauty, and magic. She was also considered the leader of the Valkyries, warrior maidens who chose those that may die and those that may live in battles.
• Cat Connection: Freyja had a special connection with cats. She was said to have a chariot that was pulled by two large, powerful cats. These feline companions were often described as large, magical beings. Some interpretations suggest that these cats may have been symbolic of Freyja's mystical and unpredictable nature.
• Symbol of Independence: Feline Characteristics: While not explicitly revered, the characteristics of cats, such as independence, agility, and mystery, might have been associated with certain aspects of Norse mythology. Cats' ability to move silently and their nocturnal behavior could have been seen as traits aligning with the mysterious and magical nature often attributed to certain deities.
• Magical Associations: Shapeshifting: Norse mythology often includes references to shapeshifting, a magical ability possessed by gods, giants, and other mythical beings. While cats are not explicitly mentioned as shapeshifters, the concept of transformation and magical abilities aligns with the mysterious and often unpredictable nature associated with cats.
• Domestic Presence: Everyday Life: Cats were likely present in the daily lives of the Norse people, serving practical purposes such as controlling vermin on farms and in households. While not explicitly revered in a religious or mythological context, their everyday presence might have contributed to a certain level of appreciation and familiarity with these animals.

Japanese Mythology

Cats, particularly the Maneki-neko or "beckoning cat," hold a special place in Japanese culture and folklore. While not explicitly tied to ancient Shinto or Buddhist mythology, the reverence for cats in Japanese society has deep historical roots and is often intertwined with various folktales, superstitions, and cultural practices. The "bakeneko" and "nekomata" are supernatural cat creatures, said to have magical abilities, including shape-shifting and speaking like humans. While they could be malevolent, some stories depict them as protectors of their owners.

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• Maneki-neko and Good Fortune: Symbol of Prosperity: The Maneki-neko is a popular figurine of a cat with an upright paw that appears to be waving. It is a common sight in shops, businesses, and homes across Japan. The raised paw is believed to beckon good fortune, wealth, and prosperity. Different colored Maneki-neko figurines have specific meanings, such as white for happiness, black for warding off evil, and gold for wealth.
• The Legend of Gotoku-ji Temple: Origin Story: One of the most famous tales associated with the Maneki-neko comes from Gotoku-ji Temple in Tokyo. According to the legend, a poor temple priest's cat raised its paw to beckon a traveling samurai during a storm. The samurai sought shelter in the temple and was spared from a lightning strike. Grateful, the samurai later made a generous donation to the temple, ensuring its prosperity. The Maneki-neko is often linked to this story, symbolizing the protective and beckoning nature of cats.
• Bakeneko and Nekomata: Supernatural Cats: Japanese folklore also features supernatural cat creatures known as Bakeneko and Nekomata. These creatures are believed to be cats that have lived for an extended period, gaining magical abilities such as shape-shifting and the ability to speak. While they can be mischievous or malevolent, they are also revered in certain contexts, with some stories depicting them as protectors of their owners.
• Cats as Spiritual Guardians: Home Protectors: Cats are often considered spiritual guardians in Japanese culture. It is believed that they have the ability to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck to households. This belief may stem from the cats' natural behavior of hunting pests and their perceived ability to sense supernatural occurrences.
• Cat Shrines and Festivals:
  Dedicated Shrines: Some places in Japan have dedicated shrines to cats, emphasizing their role as protectors and bringers of good fortune. Visitors may leave offerings and prayers for the well-being of their pets or seek blessings for prosperity.
  Cat Festivals: In various regions of Japan, there are festivals dedicated to cats, celebrating their positive attributes and cultural significance. These festivals often include parades, performances, and events that showcase the affection and reverence for cats in Japanese society.

Chinese Folklore

The "Jaguar" in Chinese mythology is a mythical cat with a third eye on its forehead. It is believed to have the ability to see evil spirits and protect its owner from harm.

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• Guardians of Homes and Temples: In Chinese folklore, cats are often regarded as protectors of homes and temples. It is believed that they have the ability to ward off evil spirits and negative energies. This protective aspect of cats is highly valued, and many people keep cats in their homes for this purpose.
• The Wealth-Bringing Cat: Similar to the Japanese Maneki-neko, Chinese folklore features the "beckoning cat" or "fortune cat," known as 貓咪 (māo mī). This cat figurine typically has a raised paw, symbolizing the inviting gesture to attract wealth and prosperity. It is a common sight in shops, restaurants, and businesses across China, symbolizing good fortune and success.
• The Legend of Li Shou: One famous legend in Chinese folklore tells the story of Li Shou, a deity associated with farming. According to the legend, Li Shou had a cat companion that would go into the fields and chase away mice, protecting the crops. In gratitude, Li Shou rewarded the cat by making it the guardian of the harvest.
• Superstitions and Cat Behavior: Chinese folklore is rich with superstitions related to cat behavior. For example, it is believed that a cat washing its face is a sign that guests will arrive, and if a cat sneezes, it may bring good luck. Additionally, the color of a cat is often associated with different meanings; for instance, a white cat is considered a symbol of purity and good fortune.
• Nian, the New Year Monster: In Chinese New Year celebrations, there is a mythical creature known as Nian, a fearsome monster that would terrorize villages. According to some versions of the legend, cats played a role in protecting people from Nian. Their presence was believed to scare away the monster due to their sharp claws and quick movements.
• Symbol of Feminine Power: In some Chinese folklore, cats are associated with feminine power and are seen as protectors of women. The elegant and mysterious nature of cats is often connected to qualities associated with femininity in Chinese culture.
• Literary References: Cats have found their way into Chinese literature, poetry, and art. They are often used as symbols to convey various emotions, traits, or cultural ideals. The portrayal of cats in these artistic expressions reflects the deep cultural significance and appreciation for these animals.

Celtic Mythology

Cats were associated with mystrery, magic, witchcraft and the supernatural in Celtic mythology. The belief in witches' ability to transform into cats was prevalent in medieval European folklore. Cats hold a special place in Celtic folklore, often being linked to various deities and folklore motifs.

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• Shape-shifters: Cats are often portrayed as shape-shifters in Celtic mythology. The ability to transform is a common theme in Celtic folklore, and cats, with their elusive and mysterious nature, were believed to possess magical powers, allowing them to change forms. This shape-shifting ability is sometimes linked to the idea of otherworldly creatures crossing into our realm.
• Guardians of the Otherworld: In Celtic mythology, the Otherworld is a realm that exists alongside the human world, often associated with the afterlife or a mystical dimension. Cats were sometimes considered guardians or guides to this Otherworld. Their keen senses and ability to navigate unseen territories contributed to the belief that they had a connection to realms beyond the human experience.
• Fairy Cats and Cait Sidhe: The Cait Sidhe, meaning "fairy cat," is a mythical creature in Celtic folklore. It is often described as a large, black cat with a white spot on its chest. The Cait Sidhe was believed to be a fairy that could transform into a cat nine times. It was said to have the ability to steal the souls of the deceased, especially those who passed away during the festival of Samhain (similar to modern Halloween).
• Symbolism of Cats in Celtic Art: Cats are occasionally depicted in Celtic art and symbolism. Their images may be found in intricate knotwork designs or alongside other mystical symbols. The inclusion of cats in such artistic expressions reinforces their significance in Celtic culture, even if specific stories or myths may not be as well-documented.
• Witches' Familiars: In Celtic and broader European folklore, cats were sometimes associated with witches as their familiars or magical companions. The belief in witches' ability to transform into cats or summon cat spirits was woven into stories and superstitions. Cats, with their nocturnal habits and mysterious behaviors, added an air of magic and mysticism to the idea of witches' familiars.
• Folktales: Cats often play roles in Celtic folktales and legends. These stories may highlight the cunning and clever nature of cats, portraying them as wise and magical beings. Some tales also involve cats assisting or guiding protagonists on their quests, emphasizing the supernatural qualities attributed to these animals.

Islamic Tradition

Cats are highly regarded in Islamic tradition. Prophet Muhammad is said to have had a great affection for cats, and there are stories of his interactions with them. Cats are considered clean animals in Islam, and harming them is discouraged.

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• Hadiths about Cats:
  Cleanliness and Cats: Prophet Muhammad is reported to have spoken about the cleanliness of cats. In one hadith (sayings or actions of Prophet Muhammad), it is mentioned that cats are not impure, and their fur is considered clean. This is significant in Islam, where cleanliness is highly emphasized.
  Kind Treatment: There are also hadiths that highlight the importance of treating cats with kindness and care. Prophet Muhammad is reported to have expressed the idea that harming or mistreating a cat is a sinful act.
• Cats in the Prophet's Life:
  Cat's Safety During Prayer: There is a well-known story from the life of Prophet Muhammad where he was in the midst of his prayers, and his cat, named Muezza, was resting on the sleeve of his robe. Rather than disturbing the cat when he needed to leave, Muhammad is said to have cut off the sleeve of his robe to avoid waking the cat. This story is often cited to emphasize the compassion and consideration Muslims should show toward animals.
  Cats in the Home: Prophet Muhammad is reported to have allowed cats to freely roam in homes, and he recognized the value of their presence in controlling vermin, particularly mice and rats.
• Cats as Pets: In many Muslim-majority cultures, cats are kept as pets, and their presence is considered beneficial. Beyond their practical role in pest control, the affectionate and gentle nature of cats has made them popular companions in many households.
• Medieval Islamic Scholars: Some medieval Islamic scholars, such as Al-Razi and Ibn al-Jawzi, wrote about the merits of keeping cats. Their works reflected an appreciation for the animals and acknowledged their usefulness in maintaining a clean and healthy environment.
• Pest Control: In regions where Islam is practiced, cats have historically played a crucial role in controlling the population of rodents. Their presence in homes, markets, and public spaces has been valued for its practical benefits in preventing the spread of diseases carried by pests.

Superstitions

In Western superstition, black cats are often associated with bad luck, especially if they cross your path. However, in some cultures, black cats are considered symbols of good luck.

Literature and Popular Culture

Cats are often featured in literature and popular culture. In T.S. Eliot's "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats," later adapted into the musical "Cats," anthropomorphic cats play a central role. In various other stories, cats are depicted as mysterious and magical creatures.

Throughout history, cats have been both admired and feared, and their enigmatic and independent nature has contributed to their prominent roles in mythologies and cultures around the world.